Everything about Pincer Attack totally explained
The
pincer movement or
double envelopment is a basic element of
military strategy which has been used, to some extent, in many
wars. The
flanks of the opponent are attacked simultaneously in a pinching motion after the opponent has advanced towards the center of an army which is responding by moving its outside forces to the enemy's flanks, in order to surround it. At the same time, a second layer of pincers attacks on the more extreme flanks, so as to prevent any attempts to reinforce the target unit.
Most
infantry combat, on every scale, is based in some fashion on this
military tactic and it's commonly used by
aircraft as well. It was vaguely described in
Sun Tzu's
The Art of War, but he argued that it was best to allow the enemy a path to escape, as he felt the target army would fight with more ferocity when completely surrounded.
A double envelopment by definition leads to the attacking army facing the enemy in front, on both flanks, and in the rear. If the attacking pincers link up in the enemy's rear, the enemy is
encircled. Such battles often end in surrender or destruction of the enemy force, although the encircled force can attempt a
breakout, attacking the encirclement from the inside in order to escape, or a friendly external force can attack from the outside to open up an escape route for the encircled force.
Hannibal's double envelopement at the
Battle of Cannae in
216 BC is viewed by military historians as one of the greatest battlefield maneuvers in history, and is cited as the first successful use of the pincer movement to be recorded in detail.
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